Technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomous systems and quantum technologies are changing the world, and the way it operates. These and other emerging and disruptive technologies (EDTs) present both risks and opportunities for countries. That’s why it is important to work with public and private sector partners, academia and civil society to develop and adopt new technologies, establish international principles of responsible use and maintain the technological edge.
The NATO Science & Technology Organization (STO) has produced a glossary of what it considers to be the most important EDTs. The definitions are given in the table below. The Swiss technology observatory community places a primary emphasis on artificial intelligence, quantum, space technologies, and next-generation communications networks.
| Technology | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artificial Intelligence | Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to machines’ ability to perform tasks once reserved for human intelligence. It is revolutionising everything from digital software and autonomous systems to combat simulations, target recognition, decision support, cyber defence, and self-driving vehicles. |
| Robotics and Autonomous Systems | Autonomous systems are essential in today’s conflicts, supporting intelligence gathering and offensive operations. As military operations grow more complex, the capabilities of semi- and fully autonomous platforms will expand. Much of this innovation is driven by the commercial sector, highlighting their dual-use nature. |
| Quantum | Quantum technology harnesses sub-atomic phenomena to revolutionise cryptography, computing, precision navigation, sensing, imaging, communications, and materials. Over the next 20 years, it promises significant breakthroughs across these fields. With substantial investments driving research and applications, quantum stands out as one of the most exciting and transformative emerging technologies. |
| Space Technologies | Commercial interest has transformed space economics, dramatically reducing launch costs through reusability and miniaturisation. Today’s smaller, more powerful satellites unlock vast opportunities in communications, exploration, and defence – even as they introduce new legal and political challenges. |
| Hypersonics | Hypersonic systems, defined by their ability to travel at speeds greater than 1715 metres per second (or five times the speed of sound/Mach 5), are rapidly evolving and outpacing legacy defences. Their development raises serious deterrence and defence concerns. |
| Biotechnology & Humans Enhancements | Using biology, genetics, and cellular processes, biotechnologies are revolutionising medicine, materials, manufacturing, and human augmentation. Though still early in development, they could spark a transformative revolution akin to the information age. |
| Novel Materials and Advanced Manufacturing | Breakthroughs in 2D materials, additive manufacturing, smart materials, and nanotechnologies are set to disrupt industries ranging from electronics to fashion. These innovations promise unprecedented designs along with environmentally friendly, cost-effective alternatives. |
| Energy and Propulsion | Global energy demand is expected to surge over the next 30 years, even as nations cut carbon emissions amid worsening climate change impacts. As geopolitical risks continue to threaten energy security, advancements in propulsion, alternative energy sources, and next-generation battery storage are under way. |
| Next Generation Communication Networks | Cutting-edge communication networks are essential for achieving decisive military advantage and strategic influence. Integrating emerging technologies into the Next Generation Communication Network (NGCN) enhances command and control, ensuring mission success across complex, multi-domain environments. |